Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary functions of HRM?

In human resource management (HRM), the four primary functions are typically recognized as planning, leading, controlling, and organizing. Each of these functions plays a crucial role in building and maintaining an effective workforce.

Planning involves the strategic process of identifying the current and future human resource needs of an organization. This includes workforce forecasting, understanding labor market trends, and ensuring that there are strategies in place to attract and retain talent.

Leading refers to the guidance, motivation, and direction provided by HR leaders to manage teams and foster a productive work environment. This function encompasses aspects such as employee engagement, leadership development, and facilitation of communication across the organization.

Controlling relates to establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance against those standards, and making necessary adjustments to ensure that organizational goals are met. This includes performance appraisals, feedback systems, and compliance with policies and regulations.

Investing, however, is not one of the primary functions of HRM. While HR professionals may play a role in financial aspects concerning workforce management, such as budgeting for training or talent acquisition costs, "investing" itself does not directly represent a core function within HRM. It is more often associated with financial management or strategic investment initiatives rather than the operational responsibilities of HR. This